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System-1.5 Reasoning: Traversal in Language and Latent Spaces with Dynamic Shortcuts

Xiaoqiang Wang, Suyuchen Wang, Yun Zhu, Bang Liu

Learns dynamic shortcuts between language and latent states to skip portions of an otherwise explicit reasoning trajectory.

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arXiv:2505.18962 · Initial submission: 2025-05-25

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Continuous-state reasoning — Use vectors—lists of numbers—to carry intermediate reasoning from one step to the next, instead of selecting a text token at every step. Some methods use the model's hidden states; others combine several candidate token representations.

Internalized reasoning — Learn from worked solutions so that some or all of the reasoning can later happen without writing those steps. Training may use a separate teacher model or progressively remove written steps from the model being trained.

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