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PonderLM: Pretraining Language Models to Ponder in Continuous Space

Boyi Zeng, Shixiang Song, Siyuan Huang, Yixuan Wang, He Li, Ziwei He, Xinbing Wang, Zhiyu Li, Zhouhan Lin

Pretrains language models with repeated continuous-space pondering steps before token prediction.

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ArXiv preprint

arXiv:2505.20674 · Initial submission: 2025-05-27

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Continuous-state reasoning — Use vectors—lists of numbers—to carry intermediate reasoning from one step to the next, instead of selecting a text token at every step. Some methods use the model's hidden states; others combine several candidate token representations.

Recurrent reasoning — Repeat parts of the model or keep intermediate information in memory while working through a problem. Some methods also learn how many passes to run.

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