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SIM-CoT: Supervised Implicit Chain-of-Thought

Xilin Wei, Xiaoran Liu, Yuhang Zang, Xiaoyi Dong, Yuhang Cao, Jiaqi Wang, Xipeng Qiu, Dahua Lin

Trains continuous intermediate states with explicit supervision so reasoning can proceed without emitting a full textual trace.

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arXiv:2509.20317 · Initial submission: 2025-09-24

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Continuous-state reasoning — Use vectors—lists of numbers—to carry intermediate reasoning from one step to the next, instead of selecting a text token at every step. Some methods use the model's hidden states; others combine several candidate token representations.

Internalized reasoning — Learn from worked solutions so that some or all of the reasoning can later happen without writing those steps. Training may use a separate teacher model or progressively remove written steps from the model being trained.

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