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Trading Depth for Time in Recurrent Transformers

Zeyi Huang, Xuehai He, Yelong Shen, Yong Jae Lee

Inserts a hidden-state refinement step between consecutive text tokens in a recurrent transformer. Compares this extra thinking time with adding physical layers or transformer loops under matched computation budgets.

First public: · Added to this list: October 18, 2026

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ArXiv preprint

arXiv:2609.21605 · Initial submission: 2026-09-18

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Recurrent reasoning — Repeat parts of the model or keep intermediate information in memory while working through a problem. Some methods also learn how many passes to run.

Thinking tokens — Give a model extra tokens for computation, such as pauses, filler symbols, or learned planning tokens. These tokens need not spell out the solution.

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