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Guiding Language Model Reasoning with Planning Tokens

Xinyi Wang, Lucas Caccia, Oleksiy Ostapenko, Xingdi Yuan, William Yang Wang, Alessandro Sordoni

Adds a learned planning token before each written reasoning step, then uses that token to guide the step.

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ArXiv preprint

arXiv:2310.05707 · Initial submission: 2023-10-09

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Method comparisons

Pausing and planning

Pause tokens add computation before the answer without choosing a different plan token for each step. Planning tokens instead select a learned token before generating each written reasoning step. The latter still produces a textual chain of thought. In the pause-token experiments, the training setup matters: gains were strongest when pauses were used in both pretraining and fine-tuning, not simply inserted into an unchanged model.

Sources: Pause-token paper · Planning-token paper, §2

Paper details: Think before you speak: Training language models with pause tokens · Guiding Language Model Reasoning with Planning Tokens

Explore this approach

Thinking tokens — Give a model extra tokens for computation, such as pauses, filler symbols, or learned planning tokens. These tokens need not spell out the solution.

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