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Interpreting Model Reasoning through Behavioral Counterfactuals

Shawn Im, James Oldfield, Adel Bibi, Sharon Li

Holds a model response fixed while changing the prompt, then learns hidden-state edits that reproduce the change in token probabilities. Uses these edits and activation patching to show how suggestions can influence reasoning through question and filler-token states without being mentioned in the written response.

First public: · Added to this list: October 23, 2026

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ArXiv preprint

arXiv:2610.30630 · Initial submission: 2026-10-22

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Analysis and evaluation — Measure how well these methods work, investigate what their internal computation does, and identify where they fail. This includes experiments, studies of model internals, and mathematical results.